The aim of this study is to review the literature concerning the fracture resistance of teeth restored with custom-made post-and-core systems fabricated from various materials. The literature regarding mechanical strength parameters, fractographic analysis, and the survival of posts made from metal alloys, zirconia ceramics, and polymer-based materials was analyzed. The available research indicates that custom-made metal posts demonstrate very high mechanical strength and the ability to withstand substantial occlusal loads; however, they are often associated with unfavorable root fracture patterns. Custom posts made of zirconia ceramics provide high esthetics, excellent adaptation to the root canal space, and fracture resistance comparable to or higher than that of metal posts. Nevertheless, their brittleness, limitations in adhesive procedures, and the difficulty of removal in case of complications present clinical challenges. Posts fabricated from polymer-based materials are characterized by lower mechanical strength and a reduced capacity to withstand forces generated within the stomatognathic system; however, they more frequently result in supragingival tooth structure failures. The literature indicates that, in addition to the material from which the post is fabricated, the amount of remaining tooth structure, appropriate tooth preparation, and the position of the tooth in the dental arch are also important factors. Individualized prosthetic treatment planning and the selection of an appropriate material according to the clinical situation allow for achieving long-term success in the restoration of severely damaged endodontically treated teeth.