Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) cover a group of various dysfunctions involving the temporomandibular joint, associated craniofacial structures as well as the masticatory muscles. According to epidemiological data, up to 50% of the adult population experience TMD symptoms. Due to the high prevalence of TMD, there is an urgent need to determine the aetiological factors of this pathology and to analyse the association between TMD and occlusal abnormalities. To present the factors involved in the aetiology of TMD based of review of literature. An association between occlusion and TMD is often reported but should not be considered the main aetiological factor. Further research on the impact of occlusal factors on TMD is needed. Nevertheless, disorders of the temporomandibular joint can lead to the development of secondary malocclusions. TMD can also be caused by psychological, social, and biological factors (hormone levels, postural changes, oral parafunctions, macrotrauma). Dentists should be aware that the aetiology of TMD is multifactorial. Early identification of modifiable risk factors and implementation HASŁA INDEKSOWE: okluzja, czynniki etiologiczne, staw skroniowo- -żuchwowy, zaburzenia skroniowo-żuchwowe, TMJ KEY WORDS: occlusion, aetiological factors, temporomandibular joint, temporomandibular disorders, TMJ of an appropriate treatment plan may improve monitoring persistent symptoms and, thus, patients’ quality of life.