Long-term cementation of fixed dentures (e.g. crowns, onlays, bridges) on natural teeth requires the use of dental luting cements. In dental professional literature, there is a limited number of comparative studies on the properties of modern glass-ionomer and composite cements, which play a key role in long-term luting of fixed dentures. The aim of this study was to compare the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of these two groups of cements, as well as to assess technological progress in terms of their chemical compositions and to identify their advantages and disadvantages in clinical practice. Glass-ionomer cements, known for their ease of application and ability to release fluoride ions, are widely used in dentistry. Despite lower bending resistance compared to composite cements, their modifications, such as the addition of nanosilver or oxidized gum arabic powder, improve their mechanical and antibacterial properties. In turn, composite cements are characterized by better aesthetic and mechanical properties, and their low solubility reduces the risk of microleaks leading to caries. The analysis of available literature showed that both glass-ionomer and composite cements have their own unique properties that should be used in dental practice according to the individual medical indications.