The use of graphene is promising for improving the quality of dental materials, especially their strength and durability, as well as enriching nanocomposites with antimicrobial properties. In addition, graphene is claimed to enhance the biocompatibility and mechanical characteristics of dental fillings. Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced oxide are the most widely used derivatives. This literature review presents the currently accepted understanding of the use of graphene-based materials (GBMs) in dentistry, in particular in dental prosthetics. The focus has been on the antibacterial activity of GBMs against typical oral pathogens attributed to specific physical and chemical properties. The effect of GO-coated titanium implants on cell proliferation and the expression of osteogenesis-related proteins has also been discussed. Since graphene particles have small size, they can penetrate into the circulatory system and accumulate in tissues, causing DNA damage. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the safety profile of graphene in the clinical practice. It is worth emphasizing that further development of the technology is crucial to fully utilize its potential.